Recycling the organic waste of a household into compost allows us to return badly needed organic matter to the soil. In this way, we participate in nature's cycle, and cut down on garbage going into burgeoning landfills.

There are many different types of worms living in our soil. However only very few are well suited to composting. The most commonly used are eisenia foetida or redworm (also known as ‘red wigglers’) and lumbricus rubellus. These worms can be purchased at local bait shops or ordered through the mail or via the internet. One pound of redworms (about 1000) is needed for a typical worm bin. If ordered through the mail these cost about $20 - $25 per pound, delivered. Nightcrawlers are not well suited for composting food waste.

As all living things, worms need oxygen to survive. Therefore the container in which you choose to house your worms should have adequate ventilation, but preferably a mesh of some description should be used over the vents in order to keep out unwelcome intruders such as flies. Worms breathe through their skin and because of this they require a moist environment in order for the exchange of air to take place.

The pH of the bedding is a very important factor in the smooth running of your worm bin. If it becomes either too acidic or too alkaline this will upset and possibly kill the worms. You should therefore check this regularly using litmus paper or a pH meter. A suitable level is around pH 7.

If the level becomes unsuitable it can be lowered by adding a dilute mix of white vinegar or raised by adding baking soda or calcified seaweed.

Redworms can tolerate a temperature range of around 10 degrees C _ 28 degrees C, although they will be most active at about 25 degrees C. If your worms freeze they will die. Consideration should therefore be given to the positioning of your worm bin. If you decide to keep it outside find a spot where it will not be in full sunlight during the summer months and remember to bring it indoors ( garage or utility) during the winter. Obviously the other option is to keep it indoors all the time, in which case you should not have to worry about the temperature.

Worms are sensitive to light and when they become exposed with it they will burrow into their bedding. This is useful when you want to harvest your worms.

Breeding:

If the conditions are correct Redworms will reproduce quickly. They will reach adulthood in about six weeks and can reproduce up to three times a week for their life span, which is generally around a year. Each time they reproduce they will deposit a cocoon which can contain anything up to 40 baby worms, although this number is usually around four. The worms population will be controlled by the size of their environment so you will never end up with too many worms.

Although there are a number of specially made worm bins available (see links below), many different containers can be used for the job. These can be a bucket with a lid, a plastic tub, homemade timber container or some other container. The important factors that should be considered are:

Worms will produce a lot of liquid so their home should either have drain holes in the bottom, or a layer of stone should be used to collect the liquid. If you choose the later you will need to fit a tap in order to drain it off at regular intervals. This liquid can then be diluted ( 1:10 ) to make an excellent plant food.

Your container should preferably have a lid in order to keep out pests, such as flies.

You must ensure that the container is suitably ventilated.

Once you have chosen your container you must prepare the bedding ready to receive your worms.

As mentioned earlier, worms need a moist environment in order to breathe. Therefore the bedding that you provide should be suitably dampened but not wet. Bedding can be made from a number of materials but probably the best and easiest is shredded newspaper.

Once the newspaper (no ad inserts) has been torn into thin strips (a shredder works great for this) it should have water added to it until it is uniformly moist. A handful of  sand, compost, or soil should also be added to aid the worms digestion process.

When the mix is complete it can be added into your container, after which you should introduce your worms. A small amount of kitchen waste may then be added to the mix and covered with the bedding ( see feeding ). Initially the worms will want to explore their new home, so to prevent them venturing up the sides of the bin it is a good idea to leave the lid off for a while until they get settled into the bedding.

Redworms are not that fussy when it comes to feeding time. Basically they can be fed most organic waste, although as they do not have teeth, their food must be soft in order for them to eat it. This does not mean that harder foods are unsuitable, only that it will take longer for them to be eaten.

They can be fed all types of fruit and vegetable waste. Coffee and tea bags may also be fed, although as these are acidic they should only be given in small quantities, as should citrus fruits. Grass clippings may also be given in small quantities, but if too much is fed it will generate heat and give off ammonia which will harm the worms.

Things to avoid feeding include meats & dairy products (the worms will eat this but it can cause bad odors and attract unwelcome insects), salty foods, manure from pets as these may contain antibiotics or harmful bacteria.

If your worm bin environment is satisfactory, you can expect the worms to eat up to their body weight in food each day. This means that a decent size worm bin should be able to cope with the kitchen waste produced by a family of four without too much trouble. If, however, you find that you are over feeding your worms and odors are becoming apparent, you should stop feeding until the worms have had chance to catch up.

With continued use of your worm bin, you will notice that the bin begins to fill up. When it eventually becomes full you will need to harvest your worms so the bin can be emptied. This is a relatively simple operation and should not cause any problems.

As the worms feed just under the layer of food, the majority can be removed simply by scooping off the top three or four inches of bedding. Place them in a bucket or other suitable container until you are ready to replace them.

With most of the worms removed the rest of the bedding can then be emptied from the bin. This will be top quality compost that can be used in your garden. If you find, as the bin is being emptied, that there is still a large number of worms in the compost, they can be removed by adopting the 'pyramid' method of harvesting.

For this you will need a plastic sheet and a light source ( the best idea is to do it outside on a sunny day ). Place the contents of the worm bin onto the plastic sheet and form into a small piles. As the worms are sensitive to light they will burrow into the compost. Gradually scrape away the compost from the sides of the heap. As you do this the worms will continue to burrow away from the light towards the center. Keep scraping until all the compost has been removed, leaving you with a wriggling mass of worms, which can then be placed with those removed initially.

Once you have finished the harvest, your worms can be placed back in the bin, along with some fresh bedding, and the process can begin all over again. The worm castings or ‘compost’ can be added to your garden or houseplant soil for a wonderful soil amendment.

If your worm bin is maintained correctly you should not have any problems, however occasionally things can go wrong. Below are some possible problems and suggestions on how to remedy them.

Worms try to leave the bin: Check the moisture and the pH of the bedding. Also check that the bin is not situated near a source of vibration. Be sure your worms are not being subjected to extremes of temperature.

Bad smells coming from bin: Either the bedding is too wet or you may have over fed your worms. If they have been over fed stop feeding for a few days to let them catch up, and add some fresh bedding (shredded newspaper).

Bedding is very wet: Mix in some dry bedding until the excess moisture has been soaked up.

Fruit flies: Cover fruit and vegetative matter with enough bedding material to thoroughly cover it or wet several sheets of newspaper and lay flat on top of the bedding. This helps keep moisture in also.

Information above extracted from the following sources: